Bill's Weather Station

Current Obs Last 24h Last 48h Week to now Last 2 weeks Climate Table Climate Graph

Latest Observations

Last meteo update: 16 Dec 01:07:03

Temp Inside: 58.9° F
Temp Outside: 35.3° F
Barometer: 30.207 inHg
One Hour Δ Baro: 0.031 inHg
Humidity Inside: 43.73%
Illumination: 0.00 Lux

Introduction

This is a simple weather station recording temperature, gas consumption, and photos. It consists of a Raspberry Pi with logging software written in Python, several DS18B20 1-wire temperature sensors, a RTL-SDR radio receiver for gas data, and a still camera. Temperature, gas measurements, and photos are sent to the cloud-based server hosting this site and temperature measurements and photos are sent to Wunderground, where they are displayed on the WunderMap. In contrast to an earlier approach the measurement data is stored only in databases in the cloud server, not on the RPi. The RPi is used only for data capture and transmission to the server. The temperature sensors include:

Inside - About 10" off an outside wall which is adjacent to a window. Radiator several feet away.
Outside - Clamped to window trim on the north side of the house. Subject to solar gain in mornings between the start of spring and the start of fall when the sun rises and sets north of the east-west line.
Above RPi - Mounted on an expansion shield above the RPi. Subject to a little warming from the RPi and significant cooling from a window, on the sill of which the RPi sits. This was used during the initial testing and is retained despite having no substantive value.

Update 8 Aug 2019

Well, it took a year but someday finally arrived and I replaced the baro/humidity sensor.

Update 30 Aug 2018

A lightning strike at about 8:00 PM on 7 Aug 2018 fried the baro/humidity sensor and the D70 camera. Will deal with it someday.

Update 17 Jan 2018

I added a Bosch BMP280 I2C pressure and temperature sensor to the station. The barometric readings are stored in the database, displayed in Current Observations and dynamic graphs, and reported to Wunderground. No static barometric graphs yet and possibly never. Humidity is coming. Note, while there is some variance between the barometer readings here and some nearby private weather stations as reported on Wunderground, the elevation-corrected value here agrees with the nearest National Weather Service station - Belmar-Farmingdale (KBLM) - to within a fraction of a percent. The inaccuracy of the other stations may be due to inadequate elevation compensation.

Update 30 March 2018

I replaced the Bosch BMP280 I2C with a Bosch BME280 I2C, which includes humidity, and now report inside humidity in the latest obs. Added a TSL2561 I2C illumination sensor and now also report illumination in the latest obs. The sensor is near a north-facing window inside the house, not in direct sunlight yet, and reporting in Lux, not Watts/square-meter. Eventually I may log both in the database, make graphs, and move the baro/humidity sensor outside.

Update 2 May 2018

I finally added a radiation shield to the outside temperature sensor. This should eliminate the little spikes in temperature in the morning and evening on days between the equinoxes when the sensor was getting some direct sunlight.

Illumination Factoids

TSL2561 sensor range: .1 - 40,000 lux
120,000 lux Brightest sunlight
111,000 lux Bright sunlight
20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1,000 - 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, midday
<200 lux Extreme of thickest storm clouds, midday
400 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination)
40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
<1 lux Extreme of thickest storm clouds, sunset/rise
<1 lux Moonlight, clear night sky
0.25 lux A full Moon, clear night sky
0.01 lux A quarter Moon, clear night sky
0.002 lux Starlight, clear moonless night sky, including airglow
0.0002 lux Starlight, clear moonless night sky, excluding airglow
0.00014 lux Venus at brightest, clear night sky
0.0001 lux Starlight, overcast moonless night sky

Station Data

Location: Little Silver, NJ
Lat/Lon: 40.33762n, 74.01879w
Sensor Elevation: 25'
Wunderground Station ID: KNJLITTL12
Wunderground Station Name: Little Silver Point

Latest Observations Eye Candy

Temperature & Barometric Pressure

Photos

The image is captured by a Nikon D70 camera attached to the RPi and uploaded here and to Wunderground. The image is captured every ever hour during daylight hours (give or take) using the Linux gphoto2 program. In November, 2017 Wunderground stopped supporting personal web site photos but then reversed that decision under protest and the photos reappeared in late December, 2017.

The cameras are mounted inside and shoot through two panes of glass in colder months and one in warmer months. The panes are not optical glass and the inside one is old wavy glass. The wavy glass, four air/glass surfaces, and some soil on the glass all contribute to reduced image quality.

Update 20-Jan-2018: Added a second camera, a Raspberry Pi V2. Exploratory. Presently this captures a 640x480 image every five minutes and uploaded here for display, for videos, and to Wunderground.

Update 31-Jan-2018: Experimenting with capture every minute.

Static Temperature Graphs

These graphs show data current as of the past midnight and load much faster than the dynamic ones. The current week is generated daily just before midnight. The Current week static graph together with the Last 24 hours dynamic graph covers the current week to now.

Current week
Last 2 weeks

Yearly and monthly graphs.

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Week of boiler failure - Look for inside temperature drop to 37 degrees on Monday. Without this weather station I would not have seen the failure and pipes, water heater, radiators, wine and beer bottles, toilets, etc., would have frozen.

Dynamic Temperature Graphs

These graphs show data up the the present. They require a bit of patience proportional to the length of the graph and can take several seconds as they are generated on demand.

Dynamic Barometric Pressure Graphs

Barometric Factoids

inHg - Inch of Mercury - is a unit of measurement used for barometric pressure in weather reports in the United States. It is the pressure exerted by a column of mercury of 1 inch (25.4 mm) in height at the standard acceleration of gravity. One inHg is 3376.85 Pascals at 60 degrees F.
Pa - Pascal - is a metric (SI) unit of pressure defined as one Newton per Square Meter.
hPa - Hectopascal - 100 Pascals, equivalent to one millibar.
bar - Bar - is slightly less than the average atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level and is defined exactly as 100,000 Pa.
mbar - Millibar - one thousandth of a bar, equivalent to 1 hPa.
psi - Pounds/sq-in - Is a common unit of pressure measurement though not often in weather. One psi is 6894.76 Pa, 68.9476 mbar or hPa.
Under standard conditions the barometric pressure at sea level is 101,325 Pascal, 1013 mbar (or hPa), and 30.00 inHg. At 10' the pressure drops by 36.61 Pa, .3661 mbar, and .01081 inHg. At 100' the pressure drops by 365.63 Pa, 3.6563 mbar, and .1079 inHg. Yes, pressure is non-linear with height. At the station height of approximately 25' above Mean Sea Level the pressure drops by 91.50 Pa, .915 mbar, and .02701993 inHg. This value is added to the barometer readings to normalize the reading to MSL.

Climatological Data

The climatological data includes temperature averages, lows, highs and degree-days by year, month and day in tabular form and averages, lows, and highs for every day in the year by year in graphical form.

The highs and averages shown during the spring and summer, that is from the vernal equinox to the fall equinox, are higher than actual because the outside temperature sensor is exposed to direct solar radiation early in the morning and late in the evening. The outside wall with the sensor is aligned nearly perfectly with the Earth's east-west axis such that the solar gain is symmectric in morning and evening. This can be seen by the brief peaks at morning and evening in temperature graphs during the spring and summer months. Someday I'll add a radiation shield.

Table
Graph

Status

Station Status

Gas Consumption

I am interested in recording natural gas consumption with the thought that the data would help identify thermal parameters of my home, areas to improve thermal behavior, and provide feedback for changes. I hope to correlate gas usage with meteorological parameters including temperature and wind. Many years ago and in a different home I made daily recordings by hand of the gas meter during one heating season. That data showed clearly the benefits of keeping the door between the basement and the first floor closed. I'm no longer up for manual recording and daily readings lack sufficient resolution for the usage I want to study and so I looked for an automatic solution.

It turns out that my gas company reads the meter from a vehicle on the street. If they can read it I though I could as well. The technology of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) is well described online and others have already developed both open-source and proprietery products for this using software-defined-radio concepts. It was a simple matter to glue a few existing parts together to receive the broadcasts from the meter and then write a little software to record and display it.

My gas meter, an Itron 100G DLT, periodically broadcasts Standard Consumption Messages (SCM) in bubble-up mode, a peculiar term that means it broadcasts spontaneously, not on demand from a reader. The messages are received with a RTL-SDR dongle (an inexpensive DVB-T receiver containing a Realtek RTL2832U demodulator and R820T tuner) connected to a Raspberry Pi 2 B+. The RPi runs a program known as RTLAMR (written by Douglas Hall and generously contributed to the open-source community) to decode the meter signal and convert it to JSON text. A Python program reads the output from RTLAMR and send it to the cloud server for storage and presentation. The processor load on the RPi 2 B+ is 100%. It appears to drop some packets but works well enough to provide the meter readings at an adequate sampling rate, typically once every few minutes. The capture process is stochastic in nature because of intereference from other meters in the neighborhood and the frequency-hopping nature of the transmissions.

The graphs linked in the following table explores the option space of graph period, histogram bucket size, and measurement units. This is experimental to help understand the most useful display formats. The % Max column is specific to my Weil-McLain ECO 155 boiler with a maximum input of 155,000 BTUs/hour. It shows the actual usage as a percentage of the maximum input to the boiler. The cost column includes only components proportional to usage (gas and delivery), excludes the fixed Residental Customer Charge. Note that all of the columns display identical data. The graphs differ only in the units and scale factor of the Y-axis.

Period	Cubic Feet	BTU	% Max	Cost
Last 7 days by hour	Show	Show	Show	Show
Last 14 days by hour	Show	Show	Show	Show
Last 48 hours	Show	Show	Show	Show

Gas Heating Factoids

BTU - the amount of energy needed to heat 1 pound of water 1 degree Farenheit.
BTU Content - a number that relates a volume measurement such as cubic feet to an energy measurement such as BTU. There is a variation in the exact heat content of gas by region and year. This factor is used to convert the volume measured by gas meters to the heat content of gas for billing. The factor is typically a few percentage points around 1. A gas bill from 2015 had an exact value of 1.067.
CF - a cubic-foot of natural gas contains roughly 1000 BTUs, exactly 1067 BTUs applying the BTU content above.
CCF - 100 cubic feet. A common unit of gas volume for billing. Roughly 1 Therm. Exactly 1.067 therms with the BTU content from above.
Therm - 100,000 BTUs, a common unit of gas energy for billing. Roughly 1 CCF. Exactly 93.72 cubic feet with the BTU content from above.
Hot Water - One gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds. My 40 gallon hot water tank thus requires 333.6 BTUs to heat it 1 degree Farenheit, or 20,016 BTUs to heat it from a cold start from 60 degrees ambient to a common working temperature of 120 degrees. The output of my boiler is 143,000 BTUs/hour. At that rate it should take about 8.5 minutes to heat the tank from a cold start. A typical low-flow shower head consumes about 2 gallons/minute or 16.68 pounds/minute. It will take 1167 BTUs/minute (70,000 BTUs/hour) to heat that water coming in at 50 degrees to 120 degrees. Given my boiler output it should be able to supply two showers running continuously without running out of hot water.

Future Work

I hope to add more sensors later including wind speed an direction, and possibly more.